How do you explain the usage of は in English?

例えば、if I ask: 今日は忙しいですか, I know it doesn't mean 「Is today busy?」. It means 「Are you busy today?」.

でも with that in mind, can you also use the following sentence patterns to say 「Are you busy today?」.

今日　あなたは忙しいですか。　OR　あなたは今日は忙しいですか。

And what about the following sentence pattern?

去年は日本語の本をもらいました。　「I received a book last year.」

Can you use the following sentence patterns to convey the same message? Are they grammatically correct in the first place?

私は去年は日本語の本をもらいました。　OR　去年　私は日本語の本をもらいました。

I'm so confused!